​In the last enewsletter we reported a surge of conflict witnessed during the spring months of 2022. It is not uncommon for human wildlife conflict to peak around this time of year – when the grazing lands have not seen rain for several months and livestock are weaker and more vulnerable to predation. Wild antelope like kudu will usually drop their calves just before the rains hit in November and this tends to curb conflict levels as carnivores preferentially predate on young wildlife rather than the prized stock of farmers. But between the months of September and November, our team is on high alert – ready to respond should farmers need our help in alleviating conflict during this time. 
 
Cheetah conflict with smallstock (goats and sheep) farmers is usually relatively straightforward to solve. The placement of a livestock guarding dog (LGD), raised and trained at CCB’s demonstration farm or with one of our model farmers, usually puts a stop to any predation that occurs on the farm and farmers who receive a trained dog are incredibly grateful – unsurprising given that 87% of farmers experience no loss after receiving a trained LGD. CCB’s demonstration farm has the capacity to raise and train approximately 20 LGD puppies each year. With the development of our model farmers as LGD training outposts, we have been able to scale up this model to reach more farmers with more LGDs. We are now capable of placing around 50 puppies each year to farmers in need. 
 
This year, unfortunately, our ability to place puppies was interrupted by a national outbreak of canineparvovirus (CPV). Although dogs affected with CPV can survive if treated promptly, most infected puppies in Botswana are unable to access the veterinary care needed to pull them through and even then, there are low chances of survival. This year, it broke our staffs’ hearts when a total of 24 puppies came to our demonstration farm infected with CPV and later perished due to this disease, despite having had their first two 5-in-1 vaccinations at the shelter and thorough veterinary checks before arriving. On the advice of our veterinarians, we were forced to suspend LGD training at our demonstration farm to allow the elimination of the disease from the soil in the livestock boma and surrounds. This greatly reduced our ability to help farmers with conflict by placing LGDs with their herds. 
 
Thankfully, our model farmers were able to continue to train puppies. Although they still experienced some loss to CPV, their puppies did not seem as badly affected, and they were able to train 13 LGD puppies which have been placed with farmers this month. We have taken measures to mitigate against the risk of another outbreak at the demonstration farm and we will be planning our new demo farm at our new CCB camp with concreted, undercover area to  quarantine new puppies on arrival.. We are also investigating opportunities to increase vaccination campaigns for dogs in our target areas to improve protection against CPV and other dangerous diseases like distemper and rabies. These three diseases (out of the six diseases covered by regular dog vaccines in Botswana) pose a threat to LGDs, to street dogs, wildlife and even humans in our area and we are going to do our best to make sure that our LGDs, livestock and cheetahs are protected moving forward. We have high hopes that 2023 will be a brighter and disease-free year! 

One of the greatest benefits of having cheetahs collared is that we can keep a close eye on them and learn more about their ways. We know where they are going and how active they are on a day-to-day basis. Usually, cheetahs will move on average 6km (3.7 miles) each day with a rest every second or third day to digest a large meal. When we see the GPS points displaying a departure from this natural behavioural pattern, we start to worry about what our spotted friends are up to. Sometimes a prolonged bout of inactivity will trigger a “mortality alert”, as was the case in September with our male cheetah Ashton. You may remember from our previous enewsletter that when we collared him in July, we estimated him to be between 3-6 years of age – prime age for a wild cheetah. He was strong and healthy and had no apparent injuries or maladies. As a result, when we noticed that his GPS points had stopped moving, we were confused and deeply concerned, fearing he may have been shot by livestock farmers. Thankfully, after over a decade of work in this farming area, we had compiled detailed maps and contact lists of almost every farmer in the Ghanzi commercial ranchlands. We narrowed in on the GPS coordinates from the collar’s last known position, found the farm owner’s name and contact details and reached out to find out what had happened.
 
Sadly, this cheetah was embroiled in a conflict case. The farmer lost 19 goats and sheep in a short period of time to predators, who broke into their nighttime livestock enclosure and killed livestock in large numbers. The farm owners were unsure whether the damage was caused largely by the cheetahs or the brown hyenas that denned nearby, but they set traps near the livestock boma in a bid to catch the culprit. Unfortunately, these traps weren’t the cage traps that we usually use to catch cheetahs for research, but gin traps – the southern African equivalent to a traditional foot-hold bear trap. These contraptions are fairly common for predator control in South Africa, but are more unusual in Botswana, where their use is prohibited by the Wildlife Act. 
 
The farmers reluctantly admitted that they set the gin traps expecting to catch the hyena that they believed to be the culprit killing their livestock, but that they instead caught Ashton. Cheetahs’ bodies are built for speed, and their relatively fragile limbs are no match for a gin trap, which cut into Ashton’s ankle and injured it. Our team, together with the Department of Wildlife and National Parks and the Department of Veterinary Services veterinarian traveled to collect Ashton and bring him to our CCB camp. Here at our rehabilitation pen, Ashton was anaesthetized so that the vet could get a closer look at his injured ankle. What looked like a horrendous injury initially, turned out to be largely superficial – with deep lacerations but the all-important tendons and bones remained unharmed. The veterinarian cleaned the wound and administered long-lasting antibiotics to stave off infection. 
 
Cheetahs living on farmlands survive by avoiding people. Where livestock and large carnivores mix, it is unsurprising that conflict occurs – so a cheetah that can live under the radar will be more likely to survive. With this in-built hyper aversion to people, Ashton was unsurprisingly anxious being held in our rehabilitation pen, no matter how much everyone minimized disturbance near the pen. Being obligate carnivores that usually don’t scavenge, he refused to eat any meat we put in the pen for him. Any approach by the veterinarian was met with hissing, spitting and growling. Following a second course of long-lasting Penicillin the veterinarian concluded that the sooner we could release him the better his chance of survival, a second opinion from another veterinarian who came to assess the situation agreed. Our team, along with government wildlife officers, mobilized and drove almost an entire day to Motopi waterhole in the Central Kalahari Game Reserve where he was released on 18th September. 
 
Ideal cheetah habitat, with permanent water and plentiful game species, Motopi Pan was a veritable heaven for Ashton. We watched the GPS points from his collar closely in the following week, and although he was not moving as much as before his injury, we were confident that he was just resting his ankle. We were comforted by the fact that he was at least still moving. On the sixth day after release, he made a considerable move further south of the pan, what we hoped was a sign that his ankle was healing well and that he was out of the woods. But it wasn’t to last. On the 15th day after his release the points stopped moving briefly. We were hoping this indicated that he had perhaps made a kill and was settling with a full stomach, after all, a pause of a day is not completely unheard of. The GPS coordinates are programmed to record every two hours and then transmit the points collected to the satellite (which then we download onto our computers) twice a day. Due to the positioning of the satellites and the collar, there is occasionally a delay in the points uploading to the satellite and we can therefore have delays of up to 48 hours where no points will come through. As fate would have it, this is exactly what happened close to the time when Ashton stopped moving altogether. Once the points finally arrived, they showed us that Ashton had been completely still not just for one day, but for three, triggering the mortality alert. Our team, panicked and heartbroken, mobilized for the long trip into the Reserve. Despite our immediate action, the delay from the collar and the long drive meant that our team were too late. They arrived to find Ashton lying dead in the Kalahari sand, seemingly having succumbed to his injury. 
 
Experiences like these are heartbreaking, but are important lessons based on which we can improve our work. We know now that although the current satellite technology that we use in our collars is adequate to monitor daily movements, land use preferences and movement patterns, we need to invest in trialing new technology tracking devices that somehow relay real-time data in this cell-signal-deficient landscape. We also need to come to terms with the reality that, conflict is something that ebbs and flows over time. We need to remain focused on protecting the species and addressing the threats that all the cheetahs here face. If we equip farmers with the knowledge that coexistence is possible and that with proactive preventative techniques, they will not need to use lethal measures like shooting or traps. Since Ashton’s capture and on CCB’s suggestion, the farmers that caught him have removed all gin traps from their farm, have taken measures to reinforce their livestock enclosure and are considering getting livestock guarding dogs to help protect their herds. Ashton may not have survived, but we’re hoping that because of this experience, we have possibly saved many more cheetahs that will move around this farm in the future. 

Sadly, Ashton succumbed to his injuries in the Central Kalahari Game Reserve despite our best efforts and the best possible veterinary care.